feat: add custom payroll columns

backend/api/v1/finance/admin/common.py

@@ -23,9 +23,7 @@ from finance.models import (
     PayrollAuditEvent,
     PayrollPeriod,
 )
-from finance.payroll.components import (
-    PAYROLL_COMPONENTS_BY_CODE,
-)
+from finance.payroll.components import get_payroll_component
 from finance.payroll.access import (
     can_access_payroll_management,
     has_payroll_permission,
@@ -146,15 +144,19 @@ def _payroll_history_action_label(action):
     return "Состояние записи изменено"
 
 
-def _validate_payroll_table_column(column_id):
+def _validate_payroll_table_column(column_id, *, period=None):
     if column_id in PAYROLL_TABLE_FIXED_COLUMN_IDS:
         return column_id
     prefix, separator, component_code = column_id.partition(":")
+    try:
+        component = get_payroll_component(component_code, period=period)
+    except ValueError:
+        component = None
     if (
         prefix == "component"
         and separator
         and component_code not in SYSTEM_COMPONENT_CODES
-        and component_code in PAYROLL_COMPONENTS_BY_CODE
+        and component is not None
     ):
         return column_id
     raise ValidationError({"column_id": "Колонка отсутствует в расчётной таблице."})

backend/api/v1/finance/admin/input_copy.py

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ from finance.models import (
     PayrollInputCopyConfiguration,
     PayrollInputLine,
 )
-from finance.payroll.components import PAYROLL_COMPONENTS, PAYROLL_COMPONENTS_BY_CODE
+from finance.payroll.components import get_payroll_components
 
 from ..admin_serializers import (
     PayrollComponentSerializer,
@@ -42,13 +42,20 @@ def _validate_input_copy_periods(target_period, source_period):
         )
 
 
-def _copyable_input_lines(source_period):
+def _copyable_input_lines(source_period, *, target_period=None):
+    component_codes = {
+        component.code for component in get_payroll_components(source_period)
+    }
+    if target_period is not None:
+        component_codes &= {
+            component.code for component in get_payroll_components(target_period)
+        }
     return (
         PayrollInputLine.objects.filter(
             period=source_period,
             employee__is_hidden_in_ui=False,
             status__in=(ApprovalStatus.DRAFT, ApprovalStatus.APPROVED),
-            component_code__in=PAYROLL_COMPONENTS_BY_CODE,
+            component_code__in=component_codes,
         )
         .exclude(
             source=InputSource.API,
@@ -109,7 +116,9 @@ def _input_copy_configuration_payload(actor):
 
 def _input_copy_preview(target_period, source_period, *, actor):
     _validate_input_copy_periods(target_period, source_period)
-    lines = list(_copyable_input_lines(source_period))
+    lines = list(
+        _copyable_input_lines(source_period, target_period=target_period)
+    )
     component_rows = {
         component.code: {
             "component": component,
@@ -117,7 +126,7 @@ def _input_copy_preview(target_period, source_period, *, actor):
             "employee_ids": set(),
             "amount_total": Decimal("0.00"),
         }
-        for component in PAYROLL_COMPONENTS
+        for component in get_payroll_components(target_period)
     }
     employee_rows = {}
     for line in lines:
@@ -228,7 +237,10 @@ def _apply_input_copy(*, target_period, source_period, actor, data):
             "idempotent_replay": True,
         }
     lines = list(
-        _copyable_input_lines(source_period).filter(
+        _copyable_input_lines(
+            source_period,
+            target_period=target_period,
+        ).filter(
             component_code__in=data["component_codes"]
         )
     )

backend/api/v1/finance/admin/period_views/catalog.py

@@ -18,15 +18,17 @@ from rest_framework.exceptions import ValidationError
 from rest_framework.response import Response
 
 from finance.models import (
+    PayrollCustomComponent,
     PayrollInputCopyConfiguration,
     PayrollPeriod,
 )
 from finance.payroll.components import (
-    PAYROLL_COMPONENTS,
+    get_payroll_components,
 )
 
 from ...admin_serializers import (
     PayrollComponentSerializer,
+    PayrollCustomComponentWriteSerializer,
     PayrollEmployeeMiniSerializer,
     PayrollPeriodSerializer,
     PayrollPeriodWriteSerializer,
@@ -39,6 +41,7 @@ from ..common import (
     PayrollAdminAPIView,
     _audit_api_mutation,
     _conflict,
+    _optional_int,
 )
 from ..input_copy import _apply_input_copy
 
@@ -61,7 +64,54 @@ class PayrollAdminComponentListView(PayrollAdminAPIView):
     allowed_permissions = INPUT_VIEW_PERMISSIONS
 
     def get(self, request):
-        return Response(PayrollComponentSerializer(PAYROLL_COMPONENTS, many=True).data)
+        period_id = _optional_int(request, "period_id")
+        period = (
+            get_object_or_404(PayrollPeriod, pk=period_id)
+            if period_id is not None
+            else None
+        )
+        return Response(
+            PayrollComponentSerializer(
+                get_payroll_components(period),
+                many=True,
+            ).data
+        )
+
+    @transaction.atomic
+    def post(self, request):
+        self.require_permission(request, PAYROLL_PERMISSIONS["manage_inputs"])
+        serializer = PayrollCustomComponentWriteSerializer(data=request.data)
+        serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
+        next_order = (
+            PayrollCustomComponent.objects.order_by("-display_order")
+            .values_list("display_order", flat=True)
+            .first()
+            or 890
+        ) + 10
+        component = PayrollCustomComponent(
+            **serializer.validated_data,
+            display_order=next_order,
+            created_by=request.user,
+        )
+        try:
+            component.full_clean()
+            component.save(force_insert=True)
+        except DjangoValidationError as exc:
+            raise ValidationError(_validation_detail(exc)) from exc
+        except IntegrityError as exc:
+            raise ValidationError(
+                {"non_field_errors": "Не удалось сохранить колонку."}
+            ) from exc
+        _audit_api_mutation(
+            actor=request.user,
+            action="payroll.component_created",
+            instance=component,
+            metadata={"kind": component.kind},
+        )
+        return Response(
+            PayrollComponentSerializer(component).data,
+            status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED,
+        )
 
 
 @extend_schema_view(

backend/api/v1/finance/admin/period_views/comments.py

@@ -43,7 +43,10 @@ class PayrollCellCommentsView(PayrollAdminAPIView):
     def get_context(self, pk, employee_id, column_id):
         period = get_object_or_404(PayrollPeriod, pk=pk)
         employee = get_object_or_404(Employee, pk=employee_id)
-        return period, employee, _validate_payroll_table_column(column_id)
+        return period, employee, _validate_payroll_table_column(
+            column_id,
+            period=period,
+        )
 
     def get(self, request, pk, employee_id, column_id):
         period, employee, column_id = self.get_context(
@@ -94,7 +97,7 @@ class PayrollCellCommentDetailView(PayrollAdminAPIView):
     def delete(self, request, pk, employee_id, column_id, comment_id):
         period = get_object_or_404(PayrollPeriod, pk=pk)
         employee = get_object_or_404(Employee, pk=employee_id)
-        column_id = _validate_payroll_table_column(column_id)
+        column_id = _validate_payroll_table_column(column_id, period=period)
         thread = get_object_or_404(
             PayrollCellCommentThread,
             period=period,

backend/api/v1/finance/admin/workspace.py

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ from finance.payroll.access import (
     has_payroll_permission,
     has_simple_admin_access,
 )
-from finance.payroll.components import PAYROLL_COMPONENTS
+from finance.payroll.components import get_payroll_components
 
 from ...employees.serializers import EmployeeBriefSerializer
 from ..admin_serializers import (
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ class PayrollAdminWorkspaceView(PayrollAdminAPIView):
                     many=True,
                 ).data,
                 "components": PayrollComponentSerializer(
-                    PAYROLL_COMPONENTS,
+                    get_payroll_components(selected_period),
                     many=True,
                 ).data,
                 "periods": PayrollPeriodSerializer(periods, many=True).data,

backend/api/v1/finance/payroll_serializers/__init__.py

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ from .common import (
     PayrollCellCommentSerializer,
     PayrollCellCommentWriteSerializer,
     PayrollComponentSerializer,
+    PayrollCustomComponentWriteSerializer,
     PayrollEmployeeMiniSerializer,
     PayrollUserRefSerializer,
 )
@@ -79,6 +80,7 @@ __all__ = [
     "PayrollCellCommentWriteSerializer",
     "PayrollCompleteWorkflowSerializer",
     "PayrollComponentSerializer",
+    "PayrollCustomComponentWriteSerializer",
     "PayrollEmployeeMiniSerializer",
     "PayrollInputLineSerializer",
     "PayrollInputLineWriteSerializer",

backend/api/v1/finance/payroll_serializers/commands.py

@@ -12,9 +12,7 @@ from decimal import Decimal
 from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model
 from rest_framework import serializers
 
-from finance.payroll.components import (
-    PAYROLL_COMPONENT_CODE_CHOICES,
-)
+from .common import PayrollComponentCodeField
 
 Employee = get_user_model()
 
@@ -25,13 +23,11 @@ class ApprovalCommandSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
 
 class ClearComponentCellCommandSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
     employee_id = serializers.IntegerField(min_value=1)
-    component_code = serializers.ChoiceField(
-        choices=PAYROLL_COMPONENT_CODE_CHOICES,
+    component_code = PayrollComponentCodeField(
         required=False,
     )
-    component_id = serializers.ChoiceField(
+    component_id = PayrollComponentCodeField(
         source="component_code",
-        choices=PAYROLL_COMPONENT_CODE_CHOICES,
         required=False,
         write_only=True,
     )
@@ -57,13 +53,13 @@ class PayrollPaymentConfirmationCommandSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
 class CopyPayrollInputLinesCommandSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
     source_period_id = serializers.IntegerField(min_value=1)
     component_codes = serializers.ListField(
-        child=serializers.ChoiceField(choices=PAYROLL_COMPONENT_CODE_CHOICES),
+        child=PayrollComponentCodeField(),
         allow_empty=False,
         required=False,
     )
     component_ids = serializers.ListField(
         source="component_codes",
-        child=serializers.ChoiceField(choices=PAYROLL_COMPONENT_CODE_CHOICES),
+        child=PayrollComponentCodeField(),
         allow_empty=False,
         required=False,
         write_only=True,

backend/api/v1/finance/payroll_serializers/common.py

@@ -15,7 +15,10 @@ from api.v1.employees.serializers import EmployeeBriefSerializer
 from finance.enums import (
     ApprovalStatus,
     InputSource,
+    PayrollComponentPeriodScope,
 )
+from finance.models import PayrollCustomComponent, PayrollPeriod
+from finance.payroll.components import get_payroll_component
 
 Employee = get_user_model()
 
@@ -93,7 +96,7 @@ class PayrollCellCommentWriteSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
 
 
 class PayrollComponentSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
-    id = serializers.CharField(read_only=True)
+    id = serializers.SerializerMethodField()
     code = serializers.CharField(read_only=True)
     name = serializers.CharField(read_only=True)
     kind = serializers.CharField(read_only=True)
@@ -101,6 +104,60 @@ class PayrollComponentSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
     requires_reason = serializers.BooleanField(read_only=True)
     is_active = serializers.BooleanField(read_only=True)
     display_order = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=True)
+    period_scope = serializers.CharField(read_only=True)
+    scope_period_id = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=True, allow_null=True)
+
+    def get_id(self, obj) -> str:
+        return obj.code
+
+
+class PayrollComponentCodeField(serializers.CharField):
+    default_error_messages = {
+        "unknown": "Неизвестный вид зарплатной операции.",
+    }
+
+    def to_internal_value(self, data):
+        value = super().to_internal_value(data)
+        try:
+            get_payroll_component(value)
+        except ValueError:
+            self.fail("unknown")
+        return value
+
+
+class PayrollCustomComponentWriteSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
+    name = serializers.CharField(max_length=80, trim_whitespace=True)
+    period_scope = serializers.ChoiceField(
+        choices=PayrollComponentPeriodScope.choices,
+        default=PayrollComponentPeriodScope.CURRENT_AND_FUTURE,
+    )
+    period_id = serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(
+        source="scope_period",
+        queryset=PayrollPeriod.objects.all(),
+        required=False,
+        write_only=True,
+    )
+
+    class Meta:
+        model = PayrollCustomComponent
+        fields = [
+            "name",
+            "kind",
+            "requires_reason",
+            "period_scope",
+            "period_id",
+        ]
+
+    def validate(self, attrs):
+        attrs = super().validate(attrs)
+        scope = attrs["period_scope"]
+        if scope == PayrollComponentPeriodScope.ALL:
+            attrs.pop("scope_period", None)
+        elif attrs.get("scope_period") is None:
+            raise serializers.ValidationError(
+                {"period_id": "Для выбранной области укажите расчётный период."}
+            )
+        return attrs
 
 
 class DraftWriteSerializerMixin:

backend/api/v1/finance/payroll_serializers/input_lines.py

@@ -17,16 +17,14 @@ from finance.models import (
     PayrollInputLine,
     PayrollPeriod,
 )
-from finance.payroll.components import (
-    PAYROLL_COMPONENT_CODE_CHOICES,
-)
-
 from .common import (
     DraftWriteSerializerMixin,
+    PayrollComponentCodeField,
     PayrollComponentSerializer,
     PayrollEmployeeMiniSerializer,
     PayrollUserRefSerializer,
 )
+from finance.payroll.components import get_payroll_component
 from .periods import PayrollCarryoverPeriodSerializer
 
 Employee = get_user_model()
@@ -106,13 +104,11 @@ class PayrollInputLineWriteSerializer(
         source="employee",
         queryset=Employee.objects.visible_in_ui(),
     )
-    component_code = serializers.ChoiceField(
-        choices=PAYROLL_COMPONENT_CODE_CHOICES,
+    component_code = PayrollComponentCodeField(
         required=False,
     )
-    component_id = serializers.ChoiceField(
+    component_id = PayrollComponentCodeField(
         source="component_code",
-        choices=PAYROLL_COMPONENT_CODE_CHOICES,
         required=False,
         write_only=True,
     )
@@ -137,6 +133,14 @@ class PayrollInputLineWriteSerializer(
         ]
 
     def validate(self, attrs):
-        if not attrs.get("component_code"):
+        component_code = attrs.get("component_code")
+        if not component_code:
             raise serializers.ValidationError({"component_code": "Обязательное поле."})
+        period = attrs.get("period") or getattr(self.instance, "period", None)
+        try:
+            get_payroll_component(component_code, period=period)
+        except ValueError as exc:
+            raise serializers.ValidationError(
+                {"component_code": "Колонка недоступна в выбранном периоде."}
+            ) from exc
         return attrs

backend/finance/enums.py

@@ -31,6 +31,12 @@ class PayrollComponentKind(models.TextChoices):
     PAYMENT = "payment", "Выплата"
 
 
+class PayrollComponentPeriodScope(models.TextChoices):
+    CURRENT_ONLY = "current_only", "Только выбранный период"
+    CURRENT_AND_FUTURE = "current_and_future", "Выбранный и будущие периоды"
+    ALL = "all", "Все периоды"
+
+
 class PayrollPeriodStatus(models.TextChoices):
     OPEN = "open", "Открыт"
     CALCULATED = "calculated", "Рассчитан"

backend/finance/migrations/0027_payrollcustomcomponent.py

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# Generated by Django 5.2.4 on 2026-08-26 10:37
+
+import django.core.validators
+import django.db.models.deletion
+import finance.models
+from django.conf import settings
+from django.db import migrations, models
+
+
+class Migration(migrations.Migration):
+
+    dependencies = [
+        ('finance', '0026_alter_employeepayrate_source_and_more'),
+        migrations.swappable_dependency(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL),
+    ]
+
+    operations = [
+        migrations.CreateModel(
+            name='PayrollCustomComponent',
+            fields=[
+                ('id', models.BigAutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
+                ('code', models.CharField(default=finance.models.generate_custom_payroll_component_code, editable=False, max_length=64, unique=True, validators=[django.core.validators.RegexValidator(message='Код должен начинаться с A-Z и содержать только A-Z, 0-9, _.-', regex='^[A-Z][A-Z0-9_.-]{0,63}$')], verbose_name='Код')),
+                ('name', models.CharField(max_length=80, unique=True, verbose_name='Название')),
+                ('kind', models.CharField(choices=[('earning', 'Начисление'), ('adjustment_credit', 'Коррекция +'), ('adjustment_debit', 'Коррекция −'), ('deduction', 'Удержание'), ('payment', 'Выплата')], max_length=24, verbose_name='Влияние на расчёт')),
+                ('requires_reason', models.BooleanField(default=False, verbose_name='Требовать основание')),
+                ('is_active', models.BooleanField(default=True, verbose_name='Активна')),
+                ('display_order', models.PositiveIntegerField(default=900, verbose_name='Порядок')),
+                ('created_at', models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True, verbose_name='Создана')),
+                ('created_by', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.PROTECT, related_name='created_payroll_components', to=settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL, verbose_name='Создал')),
+            ],
+            options={
+                'verbose_name': 'Пользовательская зарплатная колонка',
+                'verbose_name_plural': 'Пользовательские зарплатные колонки',
+                'ordering': ['display_order', 'name', 'id'],
+            },
+        ),
+    ]

backend/finance/migrations/0028_payrollcustomcomponent_period_scope_and_more.py

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# Generated by Django 5.2.4 on 2026-08-26 11:27
+
+import django.db.models.deletion
+from django.db import migrations, models
+
+
+class Migration(migrations.Migration):
+
+    dependencies = [
+        ('finance', '0027_payrollcustomcomponent'),
+    ]
+
+    operations = [
+        migrations.AddField(
+            model_name='payrollcustomcomponent',
+            name='period_scope',
+            field=models.CharField(choices=[('current_only', 'Только выбранный период'), ('current_and_future', 'Выбранный и будущие периоды'), ('all', 'Все периоды')], default='all', max_length=24, verbose_name='Периоды отображения'),
+        ),
+        migrations.AddField(
+            model_name='payrollcustomcomponent',
+            name='scope_period',
+            field=models.ForeignKey(blank=True, null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.PROTECT, related_name='scoped_custom_components', to='finance.payrollperiod', verbose_name='Начальный период'),
+        ),
+    ]

backend/finance/migrations/0029_alter_payrollcustomcomponent_name.py

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# Generated by Django 5.2.4 on 2026-08-26 11:44
+
+from django.db import migrations, models
+
+
+class Migration(migrations.Migration):
+
+    dependencies = [
+        ('finance', '0028_payrollcustomcomponent_period_scope_and_more'),
+    ]
+
+    operations = [
+        migrations.AlterField(
+            model_name='payrollcustomcomponent',
+            name='name',
+            field=models.CharField(max_length=80, verbose_name='Название'),
+        ),
+    ]

backend/finance/models.py

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ from .enums import (
     PayrollCarryoverDirection,
     PayrollCarryoverStatus,
     PayrollComponentKind,
+    PayrollComponentPeriodScope,
     PayrollPeriodStatus,
     PayrollRunStatus,
     VacationPayInstructionStatus,
@@ -42,6 +43,10 @@ payroll_cell_column_validator = RegexValidator(
 DEFAULT_DAILY_TARGET_POINTS = Decimal("5")
 
 
+def generate_custom_payroll_component_code() -> str:
+    return f"CUSTOM_{uuid.uuid4().hex.upper()}"
+
+
 class FinanceSettings(models.Model):
     """Global access settings for the native finance management workspace."""
 
@@ -920,6 +925,132 @@ class PayrollComponent:
     objects = _PayrollComponentRegistryManager()
 
 
+class PayrollCustomComponent(models.Model):
+    """User-created payroll column with immutable calculation semantics."""
+
+    code = models.CharField(
+        "Код",
+        max_length=64,
+        unique=True,
+        default=generate_custom_payroll_component_code,
+        editable=False,
+        validators=[component_code_validator],
+    )
+    name = models.CharField("Название", max_length=80)
+    kind = models.CharField(
+        "Влияние на расчёт",
+        max_length=24,
+        choices=PayrollComponentKind.choices,
+    )
+    requires_reason = models.BooleanField(
+        "Требовать основание",
+        default=False,
+    )
+    is_active = models.BooleanField("Активна", default=True)
+    display_order = models.PositiveIntegerField("Порядок", default=900)
+    period_scope = models.CharField(
+        "Периоды отображения",
+        max_length=24,
+        choices=PayrollComponentPeriodScope.choices,
+        default=PayrollComponentPeriodScope.ALL,
+    )
+    scope_period = models.ForeignKey(
+        PayrollPeriod,
+        on_delete=models.PROTECT,
+        null=True,
+        blank=True,
+        related_name="scoped_custom_components",
+        verbose_name="Начальный период",
+    )
+    created_by = models.ForeignKey(
+        settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL,
+        on_delete=models.PROTECT,
+        related_name="created_payroll_components",
+        verbose_name="Создал",
+    )
+    created_at = models.DateTimeField("Создана", auto_now_add=True)
+
+    class Meta:
+        verbose_name = "Пользовательская зарплатная колонка"
+        verbose_name_plural = "Пользовательские зарплатные колонки"
+        ordering = ["display_order", "name", "id"]
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.name
+
+    def clean(self):
+        super().clean()
+        self.name = self.name.strip()
+        if not self.name:
+            raise ValidationError({"name": "Укажите название колонки."})
+        if self.period_scope == PayrollComponentPeriodScope.ALL:
+            self.scope_period = None
+        elif self.scope_period_id is None:
+            raise ValidationError(
+                {"scope_period": "Для выбранной области укажите расчётный период."}
+            )
+
+        if not self.is_active:
+            return
+
+        from finance.payroll.components import PAYROLL_COMPONENTS
+
+        normalized_name = self.name.casefold()
+        has_builtin_conflict = any(
+            component.name.casefold() == normalized_name
+            for component in PAYROLL_COMPONENTS
+        )
+        custom_components = (
+            PayrollCustomComponent.objects.filter(is_active=True)
+            .exclude(pk=self.pk)
+            .select_related("scope_period")
+        )
+        has_custom_conflict = any(
+            component.name.casefold() == normalized_name
+            and self.period_scope_overlaps(component)
+            for component in custom_components
+        )
+        if has_builtin_conflict or has_custom_conflict:
+            raise ValidationError(
+                {
+                    "name": (
+                        "Колонка с таким названием уже существует "
+                        "в одном из выбранных периодов."
+                    )
+                }
+            )
+
+    def period_scope_overlaps(self, other):
+        """Return whether two component columns can appear in the same period."""
+
+        if (
+            self.period_scope == PayrollComponentPeriodScope.ALL
+            or other.period_scope == PayrollComponentPeriodScope.ALL
+        ):
+            return True
+        if self.scope_period_id is None or other.scope_period_id is None:
+            return False
+        if (
+            self.period_scope == PayrollComponentPeriodScope.CURRENT_ONLY
+            and other.period_scope == PayrollComponentPeriodScope.CURRENT_ONLY
+        ):
+            return self.scope_period_id == other.scope_period_id
+        if self.period_scope == PayrollComponentPeriodScope.CURRENT_ONLY:
+            return self.scope_period.date_from >= other.scope_period.date_from
+        if other.period_scope == PayrollComponentPeriodScope.CURRENT_ONLY:
+            return other.scope_period.date_from >= self.scope_period.date_from
+        return True
+
+    def applies_to_period(self, period):
+        if self.period_scope == PayrollComponentPeriodScope.ALL:
+            return True
+        if period is None or self.scope_period_id is None:
+            return False
+        if self.period_scope == PayrollComponentPeriodScope.CURRENT_ONLY:
+            return period.pk == self.scope_period_id
+        return period.date_from >= self.scope_period.date_from
+
+
 class PayrollInputLine(DraftVersionedModel):
     """Append-only bonus, correction, deduction or recorded payment input."""
 
@@ -1098,7 +1229,12 @@ class PayrollInputLine(DraftVersionedModel):
                 }
             )
         try:
-            component = self.component
+            from finance.payroll.components import get_payroll_component
+
+            component = get_payroll_component(
+                self.component_code,
+                period=self.period if self.period_id else None,
+            )
         except ValueError as exc:
             raise ValidationError({"component_code": str(exc)}) from exc
         if component.requires_reason and not self.reason:

backend/finance/payroll/components.py

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 
 from finance.enums import PayrollComponentKind
+from finance.enums import PayrollComponentPeriodScope
 
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True, slots=True)
@@ -25,6 +26,14 @@ class PayrollComponentDefinition:
     def is_active(self) -> bool:
         return True
 
+    @property
+    def period_scope(self) -> str:
+        return PayrollComponentPeriodScope.ALL
+
+    @property
+    def scope_period_id(self) -> None:
+        return None
+
     def get_kind_display(self) -> str:
         return PayrollComponentKind(self.kind).label
 
@@ -92,11 +101,54 @@ class _PayrollComponentCollection(tuple):
 class PayrollComponent:
     """Compatibility facade over the code registry; this is not a database model."""
 
-    objects = _PayrollComponentCollection(PAYROLL_COMPONENTS)
+    class _Manager:
+        def all(self):
+            return get_payroll_components()
+
+        def get(self, **criteria):
+            return self.all().get(**criteria)
+
+        def filter(self, **criteria):
+            return self.all().filter(**criteria)
+
+        def exclude(self, **criteria):
+            return self.all().exclude(**criteria)
+
+        def order_by(self, *fields):
+            return self.all().order_by(*fields)
+
+    objects = _Manager()
 
 
-def get_payroll_component(code: str) -> PayrollComponentDefinition:
-    try:
-        return PAYROLL_COMPONENTS_BY_CODE[code]
-    except KeyError as exc:
-        raise ValueError(f"Неизвестный вид зарплатной операции: {code}") from exc
+def get_payroll_components(period=None) -> _PayrollComponentCollection:
+    """Return built-ins plus active user-created component columns."""
+
+    from finance.models import PayrollCustomComponent
+
+    custom = list(
+        PayrollCustomComponent.objects.filter(is_active=True)
+        .select_related("scope_period")
+        .order_by("display_order", "name", "id")
+    )
+    if period is not None:
+        custom = [component for component in custom if component.applies_to_period(period)]
+    return _PayrollComponentCollection((*PAYROLL_COMPONENTS, *custom))
+
+
+def get_payroll_component(code: str, *, period=None) -> PayrollComponentDefinition:
+    component = PAYROLL_COMPONENTS_BY_CODE.get(code)
+    if component is not None:
+        return component
+
+    from finance.models import PayrollCustomComponent
+
+    component = (
+        PayrollCustomComponent.objects.filter(code=code, is_active=True)
+        .select_related("scope_period")
+        .first()
+    )
+    if component is not None and (
+        period is None or component.applies_to_period(period)
+    ):
+        return component
+    raise ValueError(f"Неизвестный вид зарплатной операции: {code}")

backend/finance/payroll/reporting.py

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ from finance.models import (
     PayrollWorkRecord,
     PayrollWorkSettings,
 )
-from finance.payroll.components import PAYROLL_COMPONENTS
+from finance.payroll.components import get_payroll_components
 
 from .adapter import POINT_BASE_COMPONENT_CODES, build_core_preview_request
 from .balances import opening_balances
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ def build_payroll_period_table(period: PayrollPeriod):
     work_records = _latest_work_by_employee(period, employee_ids)
     input_lines = _input_lines_by_employee(period, employee_ids)
     balances = opening_balances(period, employee_ids)
-    components = PAYROLL_COMPONENTS
+    components = get_payroll_components(period)
     component_definitions = {
         component.code: _component_definition(
             component.code,

backend/finance/payroll/services.py

@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ from .config import (
     ruleset_not_effective_message,
     ruleset_period_details,
 )
+from .components import get_payroll_component
 from .exceptions import PayrollOperationError, PayrollPermissionDenied
 from .work_norm import calculate_period_target_points
 
@@ -1994,13 +1995,21 @@ def set_component_input_line_value(
 ) -> PayrollInputLine:
     """Replace the aggregate value of one editable spreadsheet component cell."""
 
+    period = PayrollPeriod.objects.select_for_update().get(pk=period_id)
+    try:
+        get_payroll_component(component_code, period=period)
+    except ValueError as exc:
+        raise PayrollOperationError(
+            "COMPONENT_NOT_AVAILABLE",
+            "Колонка недоступна в выбранном расчётном периоде.",
+            details={"component_code": component_code},
+        ) from exc
     clear_component_input_lines(
         period_id,
         employee_id=employee_id,
         component_code=component_code,
         actor=actor,
     )
-    period = PayrollPeriod.objects.select_for_update().get(pk=period_id)
     line = PayrollInputLine(
         period=period,
         employee_id=employee_id,

backend/tests/finance/test_payroll_admin_api.py

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ from finance.models import (
     PayrollAuditEvent,
     PayrollCellCommentThread,
     PayrollComponent,
+    PayrollCustomComponent,
     PayrollDailyWorkEntry,
     PayrollInputLine,
     PayrollPeriod,
@@ -98,6 +99,236 @@ def make_approved_period_inputs(
     )
 
 
+def test_manager_can_add_custom_component_column(
+    user_factory,
+    auth_client_factory,
+):
+    manager = user_factory(email="component.manager@example.test")
+    employee = user_factory(email="component.employee@example.test")
+    grant(manager, "manage_payroll_inputs", "view_all_payroll")
+    period = make_period(creator=manager)
+    client = auth_client_factory(manager)
+
+    created = client.post(
+        api_url("admin-component-list"),
+        {
+            "name": "Компенсация питания",
+            "kind": "earning",
+            "requires_reason": True,
+            "period_scope": "current_and_future",
+            "period_id": period.pk,
+        },
+        format="json",
+    )
+
+    assert created.status_code == 201, created.content
+    component = created.json()
+    assert component["id"] == component["code"]
+    assert component["code"].startswith("CUSTOM_")
+    assert component["name"] == "Компенсация питания"
+    assert component["kind"] == "earning"
+    assert component["requires_reason"] is True
+    assert component["period_scope"] == "current_and_future"
+    assert component["scope_period_id"] == period.pk
+    assert PayrollCustomComponent.objects.filter(code=component["code"]).exists()
+
+    saved = client.post(
+        api_url("admin-component-cell-set", pk=period.pk),
+        {
+            "employee_id": employee.pk,
+            "component_code": component["code"],
+            "amount": "1250.00",
+        },
+        format="json",
+    )
+    assert saved.status_code == 201, saved.content
+    line = PayrollInputLine.objects.get(pk=saved.json()["id"])
+    assert line.component.name == "Компенсация питания"
+    assert line.reason == "Перезаписано в итоговой таблице"
+
+    table = client.get(api_url("admin-period-table", pk=period.pk))
+    assert table.status_code == 200, table.content
+    assert component["code"] in {
+        item["code"] for item in table.json()["component_columns"]
+    }
+    row = next(
+        item for item in table.json()["rows"] if item["employee"]["id"] == employee.pk
+    )
+    assert row["component_amounts"] == {component["code"]: "1250.00"}
+    assert row["gross_before_adjustments"] == "1250.00"
+    assert row["gross_total"] == "1250.00"
+    assert row["net_pay"] == "1250.00"
+    assert row["payable"] == "1250.00"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("period_scope", "expected_visibility"),
+    [
+        ("current_only", (False, True, False)),
+        ("current_and_future", (False, True, True)),
+        ("all", (True, True, True)),
+    ],
+)
+def test_custom_component_period_scope_controls_table_visibility(
+    user_factory,
+    auth_client_factory,
+    period_scope,
+    expected_visibility,
+):
+    manager = user_factory(email=f"scope.{period_scope}@example.test")
+    employee = user_factory(email=f"scope.employee.{period_scope}@example.test")
+    grant(manager, "manage_payroll_inputs", "view_all_payroll")
+    periods = [
+        PayrollPeriod.objects.create(
+            code="2026-05",
+            name="Май 2026",
+            date_from="2026-05-01",
+            date_to="2026-05-31",
+            pay_date="2026-06-05",
+            currency="RUB",
+            created_by=manager,
+        ),
+        make_period(creator=manager),
+        PayrollPeriod.objects.create(
+            code="2026-07",
+            name="Июль 2026",
+            date_from="2026-07-01",
+            date_to="2026-07-31",
+            pay_date="2026-08-05",
+            currency="RUB",
+            created_by=manager,
+        ),
+    ]
+    client = auth_client_factory(manager)
+    created = client.post(
+        api_url("admin-component-list"),
+        {
+            "name": f"Колонка {period_scope}",
+            "kind": "payment",
+            "requires_reason": False,
+            "period_scope": period_scope,
+            "period_id": periods[1].pk,
+        },
+        format="json",
+    )
+    assert created.status_code == 201, created.content
+    component_code = created.json()["code"]
+
+    visibility = []
+    for period in periods:
+        response = client.get(api_url("admin-period-table", pk=period.pk))
+        assert response.status_code == 200, response.content
+        visibility.append(
+            component_code
+            in {item["code"] for item in response.json()["component_columns"]}
+        )
+    assert tuple(visibility) == expected_visibility
+
+    unavailable_period = next(
+        (
+            period
+            for period, visible in zip(periods, expected_visibility, strict=True)
+            if not visible
+        ),
+        None,
+    )
+    if unavailable_period is not None:
+        rejected = client.post(
+            api_url("admin-component-cell-set", pk=unavailable_period.pk),
+            {
+                "employee_id": employee.pk,
+                "component_code": component_code,
+                "amount": "500.00",
+            },
+            format="json",
+        )
+        assert rejected.status_code == 409, rejected.content
+        assert rejected.json()["code"] == "COMPONENT_NOT_AVAILABLE"
+        assert not PayrollInputLine.objects.filter(
+            period=unavailable_period,
+            employee=employee,
+            component_code=component_code,
+        ).exists()
+
+
+def test_custom_component_name_is_unique_only_in_overlapping_periods(
+    user_factory,
+    auth_client_factory,
+):
+    manager = user_factory(email="scope.name.manager@example.test")
+    grant(manager, "manage_payroll_inputs")
+    periods = [
+        PayrollPeriod.objects.create(
+            code="2026-05",
+            name="Май 2026",
+            date_from="2026-05-01",
+            date_to="2026-05-31",
+            pay_date="2026-06-05",
+            currency="RUB",
+            created_by=manager,
+        ),
+        make_period(creator=manager),
+        PayrollPeriod.objects.create(
+            code="2026-07",
+            name="Июль 2026",
+            date_from="2026-07-01",
+            date_to="2026-07-31",
+            pay_date="2026-08-05",
+            currency="RUB",
+            created_by=manager,
+        ),
+    ]
+    client = auth_client_factory(manager)
+
+    def create_component(*, period, period_scope, name="Компенсация"):
+        return client.post(
+            api_url("admin-component-list"),
+            {
+                "name": name,
+                "kind": "earning",
+                "requires_reason": False,
+                "period_scope": period_scope,
+                "period_id": period.pk,
+            },
+            format="json",
+        )
+
+    may_only = create_component(
+        period=periods[0],
+        period_scope="current_only",
+    )
+    june_only = create_component(
+        period=periods[1],
+        period_scope="current_only",
+        name="КОМПЕНСАЦИЯ",
+    )
+    from_july = create_component(
+        period=periods[2],
+        period_scope="current_and_future",
+    )
+
+    assert may_only.status_code == 201, may_only.content
+    assert june_only.status_code == 201, june_only.content
+    assert from_july.status_code == 201, from_july.content
+
+    overlapping_requests = [
+        create_component(period=periods[2], period_scope="current_only"),
+        create_component(period=periods[1], period_scope="current_and_future"),
+        create_component(period=periods[0], period_scope="all"),
+    ]
+    for response in overlapping_requests:
+        assert response.status_code == 400, response.content
+        assert "выбранных периодов" in response.json()["name"][0]
+
+    builtin_conflict = create_component(
+        period=periods[0],
+        period_scope="current_only",
+        name="ПРЕМИЯ",
+    )
+    assert builtin_conflict.status_code == 400, builtin_conflict.content
+    assert "выбранных периодов" in builtin_conflict.json()["name"][0]
+
+
 def test_copy_input_lines_previews_scope_and_handles_existing_values(
     user_factory,
     auth_client_factory,

frontend/src/components/finance/admin/PayrollAdminWorkspace.tsx

@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ import type {
   PayrollBulkPointRateResult,
   PayrollBulkTargetPointsResult,
   PayrollCalculationBlocker,
+  PayrollCustomComponentWrite,
   PayrollInputLineWrite,
   PayrollInputCopyResult,
   PayrollInputHistoryEvent,
@@ -902,6 +903,19 @@ export function PayrollAdminWorkspace({
     }
   };
 
+  const addComponentColumn = async (payload: PayrollCustomComponentWrite) => {
+    if (!canManageSourceData || !selectedPeriod) return;
+    await apiClient.createPayrollAdminComponent({
+      ...payload,
+      period_id: selectedPeriod.id,
+    });
+    await Promise.all([
+      loadWorkspace(selectedPeriod.id, true),
+      refreshInlineTable("inputs"),
+    ]);
+    setNotice(`Колонка «${payload.name}» добавлена.`);
+  };
+
   const saveRateCell = async (row: PayrollPeriodTableRow, field: "amount" | "point_rate", value: string) => {
     if (!canManageSourceData || !selectedPeriod) return;
     const rawValue = value.trim().replace(",", ".");
@@ -1254,7 +1268,7 @@ export function PayrollAdminWorkspace({
           {tab === "inputs" ? <section className="app-surface rounded-2xl p-4 sm:p-5"><SectionIntro title="Начисления и выплаты" description="Премии, корректировки, удержания и авансы вводятся отдельными строками. Утверждённые строки исправляются новой корректировкой." />{sourceDataLocked ? <div className="app-feedback-warning mb-4 rounded-lg px-3 py-2.5 text-sm">Исходные данные заблокированы текущим этапом расчёта. Для исправления сначала верните расчёт.</div> : null}<PayrollInputHistory events={inputHistory} loading={historyLoading} error={historyError} /><TableToolbar search={search} status={status} sort={inputSort} onSearch={setSearch} onStatus={setStatus} onSort={setInputSort} onAdd={canManageSourceData ? () => { setEditingInput(null); setInputModalOpen(true); } : undefined} onCopyInputs={canManageSourceData ? () => setInputCopyModalOpen(true) : undefined} addLabel="Добавить операцию" /><PayrollInputLinesTable records={filteredInputs} loading={tableLoading} error={tableError} currentUserId={user?.id} canManage={canManageSourceData} canApprove={canApproveSourceData} canOverrideApproval={permissions.override_approval} fullAccess={permissions.full_access} onEdit={(record) => { setEditingInput(record); setInputModalOpen(true); }} onApprove={openApproveInput} /></section> : null}
           {tab === "summary" ? (
             <section className="app-surface min-w-0 rounded-2xl p-4 sm:p-5">
-              <PayrollPeriodTableView compact data={periodTable} loading={tableLoading} error={tableError} search={search} onSearch={setSearch} storageUserId={user?.id} canEdit={canManageSourceData} onBulkEditRate={canManageSourceData ? () => setBulkPayRateModalOpen(true) : undefined} onBulkEditPointRate={canManageSourceData && rates.some((record) => record.status !== "voided") ? () => setBulkPointRateModalOpen(true) : undefined} onBulkEditTargetPoints={canManageSourceData ? () => setBulkTargetPointsModalOpen(true) : undefined} onSaveRate={saveRateCell} onSaveWork={saveWorkCell} onSaveComponent={saveComponentCell} onOpenCarryovers={(employee) => { setCarryoversEmployeeId(employee.id); setCarryoversModalOpen(true); }} onSetPaymentConfirmed={permissions.manage_inputs && selectedPeriod.status === "closed" ? setPaymentConfirmed : undefined} />
+              <PayrollPeriodTableView compact data={periodTable} loading={tableLoading} error={tableError} search={search} onSearch={setSearch} storageUserId={user?.id} canEdit={canManageSourceData} onBulkEditRate={canManageSourceData ? () => setBulkPayRateModalOpen(true) : undefined} onBulkEditPointRate={canManageSourceData && rates.some((record) => record.status !== "voided") ? () => setBulkPointRateModalOpen(true) : undefined} onBulkEditTargetPoints={canManageSourceData ? () => setBulkTargetPointsModalOpen(true) : undefined} onSaveRate={saveRateCell} onSaveWork={saveWorkCell} onSaveComponent={saveComponentCell} onAddComponent={canManageSourceData ? addComponentColumn : undefined} onOpenCarryovers={(employee) => { setCarryoversEmployeeId(employee.id); setCarryoversModalOpen(true); }} onSetPaymentConfirmed={permissions.manage_inputs && selectedPeriod.status === "closed" ? setPaymentConfirmed : undefined} />
             </section>
           ) : null}
           {tab === "approval" ? (

frontend/src/components/finance/admin/PayrollPeriodTable.tsx

@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ import {
   useSortable,
 } from "@dnd-kit/sortable";
 import { CSS } from "@dnd-kit/utilities";
-import { AlertTriangle, ChartNoAxesColumn, CircleHelp, Eye, EyeOff, GripVertical, Loader2, Pencil, RotateCcw, Search, Table2, X } from "lucide-react";
-import { Fragment, type ReactNode, useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState, useSyncExternalStore } from "react";
+import { AlertTriangle, ChartNoAxesColumn, CircleHelp, Eye, EyeOff, GripVertical, Loader2, Pencil, Plus, RotateCcw, Search, Table2, X } from "lucide-react";
+import { Fragment, type FormEvent, type ReactNode, useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState, useSyncExternalStore } from "react";
 import { createPortal } from "react-dom";
 
 import { PayrollPointBreakdownModal } from "@/components/finance/admin/PayrollPointBreakdownModal";
@@ -27,6 +27,9 @@ import {
 } from "@/components/finance/admin/PayrollCellCommentsModal";
 import { useMiddleMousePan } from "@/hooks/useMiddleMousePan";
 import type {
+  PayrollComponentPeriodScope,
+  PayrollCustomComponentWrite,
+  PayrollLineKind,
   PayrollPeriodTable,
   PayrollPeriodTableComponent,
   PayrollPeriodTableRow,
@@ -52,6 +55,44 @@ const kindLabels = {
   payment: "Выплата",
 };
 
+const kindHelpItems: Array<{
+  kind: PayrollLineKind;
+  description: string;
+  formula: string;
+}> = [
+  {
+    kind: "earning",
+    description: "Основная часть дохода: например, премия, отпускные или компенсация. Входит в сумму до корректировок.",
+    formula: "Увеличивает «Начислено» и «К выплате».",
+  },
+  {
+    kind: "adjustment_credit",
+    description: "Доплата, которая исправляет или уточняет уже рассчитанные начисления.",
+    formula: "Прибавляется к «Корректировкам», «Начислено» и «К выплате».",
+  },
+  {
+    kind: "adjustment_debit",
+    description: "Уменьшение, которое исправляет или уточняет уже рассчитанные начисления.",
+    formula: "Вычитается из «Корректировок», «Начислено» и «К выплате».",
+  },
+  {
+    kind: "deduction",
+    description: "Сумма, которую удерживают из начисленного дохода. Само начисление при этом не меняется.",
+    formula: "Уменьшает «После удержаний» и «К выплате».",
+  },
+  {
+    kind: "payment",
+    description: "Деньги, которые уже выданы сотруднику: например, аванс или фактическая выплата.",
+    formula: "Уменьшает только остаток «К выплате», не меняя начисления и удержания.",
+  },
+];
+
+const periodScopeLabels: Record<PayrollComponentPeriodScope, string> = {
+  current_only: "Только текущий период",
+  current_and_future: "Текущий и будущие периоды",
+  all: "Все периоды",
+};
+
 const headerCellClass = "app-surface-muted overflow-hidden border-b border-r border-[var(--border-subtle)] px-2 py-2.5 text-left text-[10px] font-semibold text-[var(--muted-foreground)]";
 const bodyCellClass = "overflow-hidden whitespace-normal border-b border-r border-[var(--border-subtle)] px-1.5 py-2 text-right text-[11px] leading-tight text-[var(--foreground)] tabular-nums";
 const HIDDEN_COLUMNS_STORAGE_PREFIX = "finances.payroll.period-table.hidden-columns";
@@ -415,6 +456,177 @@ function CalculationHelpModal({ help, rules, onClose }: { help: CalculationHelp;
   );
 }
 
+function AddPayrollComponentModal({
+  onCreate,
+  onClose,
+}: {
+  onCreate: (payload: PayrollCustomComponentWrite) => Promise<void>;
+  onClose: () => void;
+}) {
+  const [name, setName] = useState("");
+  const [kind, setKind] = useState<PayrollLineKind>("earning");
+  const [requiresReason, setRequiresReason] = useState(false);
+  const [periodScope, setPeriodScope] = useState<PayrollComponentPeriodScope>("current_and_future");
+  const [pending, setPending] = useState(false);
+  const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
+  const [helpOpen, setHelpOpen] = useState(false);
+  const nameRef = useRef<HTMLInputElement>(null);
+  const helpOpenRef = useRef(false);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    helpOpenRef.current = helpOpen;
+  }, [helpOpen]);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const previouslyFocused = document.activeElement as HTMLElement | null;
+    nameRef.current?.focus();
+    const closeOnEscape = (event: KeyboardEvent) => {
+      if (event.key !== "Escape") return;
+      if (helpOpenRef.current) {
+        setHelpOpen(false);
+        return;
+      }
+      if (!pending) onClose();
+    };
+    document.addEventListener("keydown", closeOnEscape);
+    return () => {
+      document.removeEventListener("keydown", closeOnEscape);
+      previouslyFocused?.focus();
+    };
+  }, [onClose, pending]);
+
+  const submit = async (event: FormEvent<HTMLFormElement>) => {
+    event.preventDefault();
+    const normalizedName = name.trim();
+    if (!normalizedName) {
+      setError("Укажите название колонки.");
+      return;
+    }
+    setPending(true);
+    setError(null);
+    try {
+      await onCreate({
+        name: normalizedName,
+        kind,
+        requires_reason: requiresReason,
+        period_scope: periodScope,
+      });
+      onClose();
+    } catch (createError) {
+      setError(getPayrollAdminError(createError, "Не удалось добавить колонку."));
+    } finally {
+      setPending(false);
+    }
+  };
+
+  if (typeof document === "undefined") return null;
+  return createPortal(
+    <div className="fixed inset-0 z-[1000] flex items-center justify-center p-4" role="presentation">
+      <button type="button" className="absolute inset-0 bg-black/60" onClick={pending ? undefined : onClose} aria-label="Закрыть добавление колонки" />
+      <section className="app-surface relative z-10 w-full max-w-md rounded-2xl border border-[var(--border-subtle)] p-5 shadow-2xl" role="dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="payroll-add-component-title">
+        <div className="flex items-start justify-between gap-4">
+          <div>
+            <p className="app-text-muted text-xs uppercase tracking-wide">Начисления и выплаты</p>
+            <h3 id="payroll-add-component-title" className="mt-1 inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 text-lg font-semibold text-[var(--foreground)]">
+              <span>Добавить колонку</span>
+              <button
+                type="button"
+                onClick={() => setHelpOpen(true)}
+                className="app-accent-text inline-flex h-5 w-5 items-center justify-center rounded-full transition hover:bg-[var(--surface-tertiary)] focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-[var(--accent-primary)]"
+                aria-label="Открыть справку о типах колонок"
+                aria-haspopup="dialog"
+                aria-expanded={helpOpen}
+                title="Как тип колонки влияет на расчёт"
+              >
+                <CircleHelp size={14} strokeWidth={2} />
+              </button>
+            </h3>
+          </div>
+          <button type="button" className="app-action-ghost inline-flex h-8 w-8 items-center justify-center rounded-lg" onClick={onClose} disabled={pending} aria-label="Закрыть"><X size={17} /></button>
+        </div>
+        <form className="mt-5 space-y-4" onSubmit={submit}>
+          <label className="block">
+            <span className="app-field-label">Название</span>
+            <input ref={nameRef} value={name} onChange={(event) => setName(event.target.value)} maxLength={80} className="app-input mt-1 w-full rounded-lg px-3 py-2.5 text-sm" placeholder="Например, Компенсация питания" disabled={pending} />
+          </label>
+          <label className="block">
+            <span className="app-field-label">Как влияет на расчёт</span>
+            <select value={kind} onChange={(event) => setKind(event.target.value as PayrollLineKind)} className="app-input mt-1 w-full rounded-lg px-3 py-2.5 text-sm" disabled={pending}>
+              {Object.entries(kindLabels).map(([value, label]) => <option key={value} value={value}>{label}</option>)}
+            </select>
+          </label>
+          <label className="block">
+            <span className="app-field-label">В каких периодах показывать</span>
+            <select value={periodScope} onChange={(event) => setPeriodScope(event.target.value as PayrollComponentPeriodScope)} className="app-input mt-1 w-full rounded-lg px-3 py-2.5 text-sm" disabled={pending}>
+              {Object.entries(periodScopeLabels).map(([value, label]) => <option key={value} value={value}>{label}</option>)}
+            </select>
+            <span className="app-text-muted mt-1.5 block text-xs leading-relaxed">
+              Новая колонка появится согласно выбранной области; суммы между периодами автоматически не копируются.
+            </span>
+          </label>
+          <label className="app-surface-muted flex cursor-pointer items-start gap-3 rounded-xl px-3 py-3">
+            <input type="checkbox" checked={requiresReason} onChange={(event) => setRequiresReason(event.target.checked)} className="mt-0.5 h-4 w-4 rounded" disabled={pending} />
+            <span>
+              <span className="block text-sm font-medium text-[var(--foreground)]">Требовать основание</span>
+              <span className="app-text-muted mt-0.5 block text-xs">При вводе операции пользователь должен будет указать причину.</span>
+            </span>
+          </label>
+          {error ? <div className="app-feedback-danger rounded-lg px-3 py-2.5 text-sm">{error}</div> : null}
+          <div className="flex justify-end gap-2 pt-1">
+            <button type="button" className="app-action-secondary rounded-lg px-4 py-2.5 text-sm font-medium" onClick={onClose} disabled={pending}>Отмена</button>
+            <button type="submit" className="app-action-primary inline-flex items-center gap-2 rounded-lg px-4 py-2.5 text-sm font-semibold" disabled={pending}>
+              {pending ? <Loader2 className="animate-spin" size={15} /> : <Plus size={15} />}
+              Добавить
+            </button>
+          </div>
+        </form>
+      </section>
+      {helpOpen ? <PayrollComponentKindsHelpModal onClose={() => setHelpOpen(false)} /> : null}
+    </div>,
+    document.body,
+  );
+}
+
+function PayrollComponentKindsHelpModal({ onClose }: { onClose: () => void }) {
+  const closeButtonRef = useRef<HTMLButtonElement>(null);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const previouslyFocused = document.activeElement as HTMLElement | null;
+    closeButtonRef.current?.focus();
+    return () => previouslyFocused?.focus();
+  }, []);
+
+  return (
+    <div className="fixed inset-0 z-[1010] flex items-center justify-center p-4" role="presentation">
+      <button type="button" className="absolute inset-0 bg-black/60" onClick={onClose} aria-label="Закрыть справку о типах колонок" />
+      <section className="app-surface relative z-10 w-full max-w-lg rounded-2xl border border-[var(--border-subtle)] p-5 shadow-2xl" role="dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="payroll-component-kinds-help-title">
+        <div className="flex items-start justify-between gap-4">
+          <div className="min-w-0">
+            <p className="app-text-muted text-xs uppercase tracking-wide">Начисления и выплаты</p>
+            <h3 id="payroll-component-kinds-help-title" className="mt-1 text-lg font-semibold text-[var(--foreground)]">Как выбрать тип колонки</h3>
+          </div>
+          <button ref={closeButtonRef} type="button" className="app-action-ghost inline-flex h-8 w-8 shrink-0 items-center justify-center rounded-lg" onClick={onClose} aria-label="Закрыть"><X size={17} /></button>
+        </div>
+
+        <div className="mt-5 space-y-2.5">
+          {kindHelpItems.map((item) => (
+            <section key={item.kind} className="app-surface-muted rounded-xl border border-[var(--border-subtle)] p-3">
+              <h4 className="text-sm font-semibold text-[var(--foreground)]">{kindLabels[item.kind]}</h4>
+              <p className="app-text-muted mt-1 text-xs leading-relaxed">{item.description}</p>
+              <p className="mt-1.5 text-xs font-medium text-[var(--foreground)]">{item.formula}</p>
+            </section>
+          ))}
+        </div>
+
+        <div className="app-selected mt-4 rounded-xl px-3 py-2.5 text-xs leading-relaxed">
+          <span className="font-semibold">Итоговая формула: </span>
+          К выплате = Начислено − Удержано − Выплачено.
+        </div>
+      </section>
+    </div>
+  );
+}
+
 function calculationHelps(pointPolicy: PayrollPeriodTable["calculation_rules"]["point_policy"]): Record<string, CalculationHelp> {
   const pointRecalculationLogic = pointPolicy === "proportional_with_excess"
     ? "Повторяет исходную Excel-таблицу: баллы изменяют общую базу из оклада и премии. Недовыполнение даёт отрицательный перерасчёт, перевыполнение — положительный."
@@ -834,6 +1046,7 @@ export function PayrollPeriodTableView({
   onSaveRate,
   onSaveWork,
   onSaveComponent,
+  onAddComponent,
   onOpenCarryovers,
   onSetPaymentConfirmed,
   compact = false,
@@ -851,6 +1064,7 @@ export function PayrollPeriodTableView({
   onSaveRate?: (row: PayrollPeriodTableRow, field: "amount" | "point_rate", value: string) => Promise<void>;
   onSaveWork?: (row: PayrollPeriodTableRow, field: "target_points" | "actual_points", value: string) => Promise<void>;
   onSaveComponent?: (row: PayrollPeriodTableRow, componentCode: string, value: string) => Promise<void>;
+  onAddComponent?: (payload: PayrollCustomComponentWrite) => Promise<void>;
   onOpenCarryovers?: (employee: PayrollPeriodTableRow["employee"]) => void;
   onSetPaymentConfirmed?: (row: PayrollPeriodTableRow, confirmed: boolean) => Promise<void>;
   compact?: boolean;
@@ -872,6 +1086,7 @@ export function PayrollPeriodTableView({
     displayName: string;
   } | null>(null);
   const [columnsMenuOpen, setColumnsMenuOpen] = useState(false);
+  const [addComponentOpen, setAddComponentOpen] = useState(false);
   const [rowsMenuOpen, setRowsMenuOpen] = useState(false);
   const [compactPanel, setCompactPanel] = useState<CompactPeriodPanel | null>("table");
   const [paymentConfirmationBusyIds, setPaymentConfirmationBusyIds] = useState<Set<number>>(new Set());
@@ -1580,7 +1795,20 @@ export function PayrollPeriodTableView({
                 <th rowSpan={2} className={`${headerCellClass} sticky left-0 z-40 align-middle`}>Сотрудник</th>
                 {groupSegments.map((segment, index) => (
                   <th key={`${segment.group}-${index}`} colSpan={segment.columns.length} className={`${headerCellClass} text-center uppercase tracking-wide ${index > 0 ? "!border-l-2 !border-l-[var(--border-strong)]" : ""}`}>
-                    {segment.group}
+                    <span className="inline-flex items-center justify-center gap-1.5">
+                      <span>{segment.group}</span>
+                      {onAddComponent && segment.group === "Начисления и выплаты" && groupSegments.findIndex((item) => item.group === segment.group) === index ? (
+                        <button
+                          type="button"
+                          className="app-action-ghost inline-flex h-5 w-5 items-center justify-center rounded-md text-[var(--accent-primary)]"
+                          onClick={() => setAddComponentOpen(true)}
+                          aria-label="Добавить колонку начисления или выплаты"
+                          title="Добавить колонку"
+                        >
+                          <Plus size={13} strokeWidth={2.5} />
+                        </button>
+                      ) : null}
+                    </span>
                   </th>
                 ))}
               </tr>
@@ -1660,6 +1888,7 @@ export function PayrollPeriodTableView({
         </div>
       </DndContext> : null}
       {activeHelp ? <CalculationHelpModal help={activeHelp} rules={data.calculation_rules} onClose={() => setActiveHelp(null)} /> : null}
+      {addComponentOpen && onAddComponent ? <AddPayrollComponentModal onCreate={onAddComponent} onClose={() => setAddComponentOpen(false)} /> : null}
       {breakdownEmployee ? (
         <PayrollPointBreakdownModal
           periodId={data.period_id}

frontend/src/lib/api/finance.ts

@@ -7,6 +7,11 @@ export type PayrollLineKind =
     | "deduction"
     | "payment";
 
+export type PayrollComponentPeriodScope =
+    | "current_only"
+    | "current_and_future"
+    | "all";
+
 export type PayrollPeriodSummary = {
     code: string;
     name: string;
@@ -581,6 +586,15 @@ export type PayrollComponent = {
     requires_reason: boolean;
     is_active: boolean;
     display_order: number;
+    period_scope: PayrollComponentPeriodScope;
+    scope_period_id: number | null;
+};
+
+export type PayrollCustomComponentWrite = {
+    name: string;
+    kind: PayrollLineKind;
+    requires_reason: boolean;
+    period_scope: PayrollComponentPeriodScope;
 };
 
 export type PayrollAdminPayRate = {
@@ -1029,6 +1043,10 @@ export function createFinanceApi(request: RequestFn) {
             ),
         getPayrollAdminWorkspace: (periodId?: number): Promise<PayrollAdminWorkspace> =>
             request(`${adminPrefix}/workspace/${buildQuery({ period_id: periodId })}`),
+        createPayrollAdminComponent: (
+            payload: PayrollCustomComponentWrite & { period_id: number },
+        ): Promise<PayrollComponent> =>
+            request(`${adminPrefix}/components/`, jsonOptions("POST", payload)),
         getPayrollAdminPeriods: (): Promise<PayrollAdminListPayload<PayrollAdminPeriod>> =>
             request(`${adminPrefix}/periods/`),
         getPayrollAdminPeriodTable: (periodId: number): Promise<PayrollPeriodTable> =>

frontend/src/lib/payroll-columns.test.js

@@ -6,13 +6,37 @@ import {
   normalizePayrollColumnOrder,
 } from "./payroll-columns.ts";
 
-test("payroll column order keeps saved columns and appends newly available ones", () => {
+test("payroll column order keeps saved columns and places newly available ones by default neighbors", () => {
   assert.deepEqual(
     normalizePayrollColumnOrder(
       ["payable", "actual_points", "removed", "payable"],
       ["rate_amount", "actual_points", "payable", "status"],
     ),
-    ["payable", "actual_points", "rate_amount", "status"],
+    ["payable", "rate_amount", "actual_points", "status"],
+  );
+});
+
+test("new payroll component stays before the calculation group", () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    normalizePayrollColumnOrder(
+      ["rate_amount", "component:BONUS", "gross_total", "payable", "status"],
+      [
+        "rate_amount",
+        "component:BONUS",
+        "component:CUSTOM_ADVANCE",
+        "gross_total",
+        "payable",
+        "status",
+      ],
+    ),
+    [
+      "rate_amount",
+      "component:BONUS",
+      "component:CUSTOM_ADVANCE",
+      "gross_total",
+      "payable",
+      "status",
+    ],
   );
 });
 

frontend/src/lib/payroll-columns.ts

@@ -9,8 +9,18 @@ export function normalizePayrollColumnOrder(
     seen.add(columnId);
     return true;
   });
-  for (const columnId of availableIds) {
-    if (!seen.has(columnId)) normalized.push(columnId);
+  for (const [availableIndex, columnId] of availableIds.entries()) {
+    if (seen.has(columnId)) continue;
+
+    const nextKnownId = availableIds
+      .slice(availableIndex + 1)
+      .find((candidateId) => seen.has(candidateId));
+    if (nextKnownId) {
+      normalized.splice(normalized.indexOf(nextKnownId), 0, columnId);
+    } else {
+      normalized.push(columnId);
+    }
+    seen.add(columnId);
   }
   return normalized;
 }